>Involvement of the protein in pathogenicity
>1|P43463|HTH-type transcriptional activator aarP|Providencia stuartii|AraC
Possible participation in antibiotic-resistance phenotype. Providentia stuartii is the main cause of urinary-tract infections in patients undergoing chronic catheterization.
>2|P34000|HTH-type transcriptional regulator acrR (Potential acrAB operon repressor)|Escherichia coli O6|TetR
AcrR represes the expression of the operon acrAB, which confers multidrug resistance.
>10|P43464|Transcriptional activator aggR (AAF/I regulatory protein)|Escherichia coli|AraC
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is an emerging enteropathogen associated with infantile diarrhea in developing countries and has more recently been associated with food-borne diarrhea outbreaks in developed countries. This E. coli pathotype is defined by aggregative adherence (AA) to HEp-2 cells. The AA phenotype is associated with the presence of a plasmid 60 to 65 MDa in size and with the expression of one of two distinct aggregative adherence fimbria (AAF/I and AAF/II).
AggR is necessary for AAF/I fimbrial expression in strain 17-2 and for AAF/II fimbrial expression in strain 042.
>25|P17446|HTH-type transcriptional regulator betI|Escherichia coli|TetR
Accumulation of glycine betaine appears to be an mechanism by which Escherichia coli can adapt to external osmotic forces and grow in hypertonic urine favouring urinary tract infections.
>37|P26950|F1 operon positive regulatory protein|Yersinia pestis|AraC
Immunity to infection has been correlated with the presence of antibodies against capsular F1 antigen.
>38|P25393|CFA/I fimbrial subunit D (Colonization factor antigen I subunit D)|Escherichia coli|AraC
The variants of fimbriae CFA/I produced by the cfaABCE operon that regulates CfaD are important for the adhesion of the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains.
>39|P17410|HTH-type transcriptional regulator chbR (Chb operon repressor)|Escherichia coli|AraC
The genes encoded by the chb operon enable the growth of Escherichia coli on the chitin disaccharide (GlcNac)2 as the sole source of carbon.
>40|P43460|HTH-type transcriptional activator csvR|Escherichia coli|AraC
The expression of CFA/I fimbriae is very important for the pathogenicity of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains.
>44|Q9ZFU7|HTH-type transcriptional regulator eutR (Ethanolamine operon regulatory protein)|Salmonella typhimurium|AraC
Anaerobic electron acceptor, tetrathionate, allows Salmonella to use endogenous B12 to support the anaerobic degradation of ethanolamine as the sole source of nitrogen, carbon, and energy (12). Anaerobic use of ethanolamine may be important in Salmonella, since this carbon source is a constituent in many lipids and is provided to anaerobic gut inhabitants as part of the host's nutritional intake.
>45|P26993|Exoenzyme S synthesis regulatory protein exsA|Pseudomonas aeruginosa|AraC
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogen in human beings, most commonly infects individuals with cystic fibrosis, impaired immune systems, or severe burns.
The expression of exoenzyme S (ExoS) regulon is correlated with the spread of the bacterium from epithelial colonization sites to the bloodstream.
>46|P23774|987P fimbrial operon positive regulatory protein fapR|Escherichia coli|AraC
The 987P fimbriae of enterotoxigenic E. coli mediates attachment to piglet intestines.
>60|P41782|Transcriptional regulator hilD|Salmonella typhimurium|AraC
Induction of invasion gene transcription of Salmonella strains is regulated by environmental conditions. Experimental evidence indicates that oxygen, pH, and osmotic conditions need to closely resemble those of the host intestinal lumen for invasion gene activation. HilD participates in the regulation of the HilA gene which is a transcriptional activator required for invasion and whose expression is modulated by oxygen, pH, and osmolarity.
>61|P31778|Regulatory protein hrpB|Ralstonia solanacearum|AraC
The hrp gene cluster of Pseudomonas solanacearum encodes functions that are essential for pathogenicity on tomato and for elicitation of the hypersensitive response (HR) on tobacco. HR is a local defence reaction accompanied by rapid necrosis of the infected tissue, thus preventing multiplication of the bacteria in the infected region.
>64|P39437|Invasion protein invF|Salmonella typhimurium|AraC
invF is required for efficient invasion of cultured epithelial cells.
>73|P27246|Multiple antibiotic resistance protein marA|Escherichia coli O157:H7|AraC
The genes activated by MarA are very important in pathogenicity because they are involved in resistance to antibiotics and disinfectants.
>75|Q56070|Multiple antibiotic resistance protein marA|Salmonella typhimurium|AraC
A lesion in MarA of Salmonella typhimurium has no effect on the virulence in BALBc mice.
>82|P39897|HTH-type transcriptional regulator mtrR|Neisseria gonorrhoeae|TetR
The gonococci are strict human pathogens that typically infects the genital mucosal surface, although they can also infect the rectum or oropharynx. They very seldom cause invasive bloodstream disease. Many of these enviroments contain antigonococcal hydrophobic agents, such as free fatty acids, bile salts, gonadol steroids and antibacterial peptides. Gonococci can use the mtrCDE encoded efflux system to resist the action of these agents.
>83|Q04642|Transcriptional regulator mxiE|Shigella flexneri|AraC
The invasive phenotype of Shigella flexneri is conferred by the virulence plasmid pWR100. It encodes secretory Lpa proteins, and their dedicated secretion apparatus.
This plasmid also encodes the Mxi-Spa translocon, which is encoded by the mxi and spa operons.
>93|P40883|Regulatory protein pchR|Pseudomonas aeruginosa|AraC
Pyochelin is a siderophore capable of removing transferrin-bound iron, a significant source of iron in vivo. This fact contributes to enhanced in vivo growth and virulence.
>94|P43459|Transcriptional activator perA|Escherichia coli O127:H6|AraC
EaeA is an intimin produced by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.
>114|P16114|Regulatory protein rns|Escherichia coli|AraC
The adherence of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains to the human small intestine is an important early event in infection. Pili often serve as adherence factors for bacterial pathogens.
>115|P27292|Right origin-binding protein|Escherichia coli O157:H7|AraC
Overexpression of Rob causes antibiotic resistance.
>118|Q9R3W3|Transcriptional regulator sirC|Salmonella typhimurium|AraC
Salmonella typhimurium invasion of non phagocyte cells requires the expression of a type III secretion system (TTSS) encoded within Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1). TTSS gene transcription is activated in response to environmental signals and requires transcriptional regulators encoded within (HilA, SirC) and outside (SirA) SPI1.
>121|Q56143|Regulatory protein soxS|Salmonella typhimurium|AraC
SoxS contributes to resistance to different antibiotics which may be relevant for clinical infections.
>123|P29492|TCP pilus virulence regulatory protein|Vibrio cholerae|AraC
TcpN regulates the operons required for epithelial tissue colonization.
>145|P32326|Urease operon transcriptional activator|Escherichia coli|AraC
The nickel metalloenzyme urease catalyses the hydrolysis of urea to ammonia and carbamate, and generates the preferred nitrogen source of many organisms. When produced by bacterial pathogens in either the urinary tract or the gastroduodenal region, urease acts as a virulence factor. At both sites of infection urease is known to enhance the survival of infecting bacteria. Ammonia resulting from the action of urease is believed to increase the pH of the environment to one more favourable for growth, and to injure the surrounding epithelial cells. In addition, in the urinary tract urease activity can result in the formation of urinary calculi.
>146|Q02458|Urease operon transcriptional activator|Proteus mirabilis|AraC
Urease produced by P. mirabilis contributes to virulence in an animal model of ascending urinary tract infection. In the presence of urea, UreR promotes transcription of genes required for the synthesis of urease.
>151|Q04248|Virulence regulon transcriptional activator virF|Shigella dysenteriae|AraC
VirF colaborates in triggering virulence gene expression. In Shigella species, IpaBCD proteins encoded on the virulence plasmid direct the entry of this bacterium into host epithelial cells. Expression of the ipaBCD genes is under the control of several environmental conditions, such as temperature and osmolarity. This control is mediated by the expression of VirF.
>162|Q06861|Possible virulence-regulating 38 kDa protein|Mycobacterium tuberculosis|AraC
Possible involvement of virS in the regulation of pathogenesis by M. tuberculosis.
>248|O30343|Hemagglutinin/protease regulatory protein|Vibrio cholerae|TetR
HapR is a transcriptional regulator that has a central role in the control of the virulence regulon expression in Vibrio cholerae.
>258|O52834|AlcR (Alcaligin siderophore system regulator)|Bordetella bronchiseptica|AraC
Bordetella bronchiseptica, the causative agents of respiratory diseases in mammals, produces the macrocyclic dihydroxamate siderophore alcaligin under iron-depleted growth conditions.
>267|O69047|Putative XylS/AraC transcriptional activator (Fragment)|Salmonella typhimurium|AraC
Utilization of ferrioxamines as the sole source of iron distinguishes Salmonella enterica serotypes, Typhimurium and Enteritidis from a number of related species, including Escherichia coli. It is possible that foxA confers selectively advantages for Salmonella pathogenicity.
>269|O70020|IcaR|Staphylococcus epidermidis|TetR
Production of PIA represents the key virulence factor of S. epidermidis.
Ica locus is a staphylococcal virulence factor.
>283|Q07681|Transcriptional activator AfrR|Escherichia coli|AraC
Escherichia coli RDEC-1 causes diarrhea in rabbits, and is considered a natural model of enteropathogenic E. coli infection in humans. It attaches to absorptive epithelial cells of the distal ileum, cecum, and colon and to M cells of Peyer patches and produces an attaching/effacing (A/E) lesion at the site of colonization.
The AF/R1 pilus that strain RDEC-1 expresses, mediates an early stage of A/E adherence and is necessary for full virulence.
>291|Q8KLP4|Repressor|Stenotrophomonas maltophilia|TetR
The SmeDEF efflux pump contributes to intrinsic resistance to antibiotics in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. This resistance is the main problem in the treatment of infections with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
>328|Q8VQC6|VanT|Listonella anguillarum|TetR
Although VanT controls the expression of empA, and the product of this gene EmpA is an important virulence factor for Vibrium anguillarum, VanT seems not to be essential for virulence.
>388|Q47074|BfpT protein|Escherichia coli|AraC
BfpT is related to the localized adherence (LA) phenotype.
>407|Q56790|HrpXv|Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria|AraC
Xantomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria is the agent causing bacterial spot disease in pepper and tomato plants. The hrp gene cluster is indispensable for pathogenesis in susceptible host plants and for the elicitation of the hypersensitive reaction in resistant hosts and nonhosts plants.
>409|Q56831|Hrp protein (Fragment)|Xanthomonas oryzae|AraC
In general, the hrp pathway may act to prevent a general-resistance response or to enhance the colonization of the plant by bacteria.
HrpXo has a critical role in pathogenicity exerted by Xanthomonas oryzae on rice. It is required for leaf blight in rice plants.
>840|Q9AIQ9|IcaR|Staphylococcus caprae|TetR
ica locus is a staphylococcal virulence factor.
>908|Q9KKH9|YsaE|Yersinia enterocolitica|AraC
The Type III secretion pathway in Yersinia enterocolitica is important in virulence.
>909|Q9KW95|Riorf89 protein|Agrobacterium rhizogenes|AraC
Ri plasmids in Agrobacterium rhizogenes specifically induce the hairy root syndrome on various dicotyledonous plants.
>918|Q9L6K7|Putative activator protein SefR|Salmonella enteritidis|AraC
SEF14 fimbriae is essential for full virulence of S. enteritidis in vivo. SEF14 fimbriae is essential for proper interactions with macrophages after colonization and penetration of the intestinal barrier.
>923|Q9L8G8|SmcR (VvpR)|Vibrio vulnificus|TetR
V. vulnificus is a normal inhabitant of estuarine waters whose numbers are especially high in filter-feeding molluscs. This bacterium is an opportunistic pathogen capable of causing septicemia following ingestion, with fatality rates above 60%, as well as localized infections following contamination of a wound.
ScmR controls the expression of virulence factors as the products of the genes vvp the extracellular metalloprotease, and vvhA the cytolytic hemolysin.
>995|Q9WW32|MtrA|Neisseria gonorrhoeae|AraC
The resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to hydrophobic detergent processes is probably important in determining the survival capacity of gonococci in mucosal surfaces.
>1008|Q9X9I4|Yersiniabactin transcriptional regulator, YbtA|Yersinia enterocolitica|AraC
Lethality for mice depends on the presence of the yersiniabactin (ybt) locus, which carries genes for the biosynthesis, transport, and regulation of the yersiniabactin siderophore.
>1025|Q9Z676|Regulatory protein GdhBR|Pantoea citrea|AraC
The pineapple pink disease, caused by bacterium Pantoea citrea, is characterized by a dark coloration on fruit slices after canning. Glucose dehydrogenase (Gdh) activity is believed to be involved in the colour-formation activity of P. citrea. GdhB, represents the main source of Gdh activity in this organism.
>1368|O30507|Arginine regulatory protein (Transcriptional regulator ArgR) (ArgR regulatory protein)|Pseudomonas aeruginosa|AraC
ArgR is essential for the utilization of arginine or ornithine as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen.
>1383|O50285|OpaR|Vibrio parahaemolyticus|TetR
Vibrio parahaemolyticus switches between opaque and translucent colony morphologies as Vibrio vulnificus does. For Vibrio vulnificus, both opacity and virulence have been correlated with the production of a capsular polysaccharide that acts as a virulence factor.
>1386|O52066|AlcR (Transcriptional regulator)|Bordetella pertussis|AraC
Bordetella pertussis, the causative agents of respiratory diseases in mammals, produces the macrocyclic dihydroxamate siderophore alcaligin under iron-depleted growth conditions.
>2162|Q56951|AraC-like regulator YbtA (Transcriptional regulator YbtA)|Yersinia pestis|AraC
Yersinia lethality for mice depends on the presence on the yersiniabactin (ybt) locus, which carries genes for the biosynthesis, transport, and regulation of the yersiniabactin siderophore.
>5460|15928251|ica operon transcriptional regulator IcaR|Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus N315|TetR
Ica locus is a staphtlococcal virulence factor.
Polymeric N-acetyl glucoamine (PNAG) production and biofilm formation are thought to protect the bacteria from both the host's immune system and antibiotics, and can complicate the treatment of S. aureus infections.
>9417|P13225|Virulence regulon transcriptional activator virF|Yersinia enterocolitica|AraC
The virulence plasmid, encodes a Type III secretion system (ysc and lcr genes) essential for the delivery of additional plasmid-borne anti-host factors collectively referred to as Yops (Yersinia outer proteins).